Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of health and self-management in diabetes questionnaire (HASMID-10) into Brazilian Portuguese

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Considering the ability of the health and self-management in diabetes questionnaire (HASMID-10) to verify the impact of self-management on diabetes, we highlight its relevance to scientific research and clinical applicability. However, to date, no study has been conducted to scientifically support its use in other languages. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the HASMID-10 into the Brazilian Portuguese. DESIGN AND SETTING: A translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation study conducted at Ceuma University. METHODS: Study was conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures and Consensus-based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments. We included participants of both sexes diagnosed with diabetes, aged between 18 and 64 years, and without cognitive deficits or any other limitations that would prevent them from answering the questionnaire. We assessed participants using the problem areas in diabetes (PAID) scale and HASMID-10. We assessed reliability using a test-retest model with a 7-day interval between assessments. We used intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 95% confidence interval (CI), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable difference (MDD), Spearman correlation coefficient, and floor and ceiling effects. RESULTS: Sample comprised 116 participants, most of whom were women, overweight, non-practitioners of physical activity, and nonsmokers. We observed significant correlations (P = 0.006; rho = −0.256) between the HASMID-10 and PAID, adequate reliability (ICC = 0.780) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.796). No ceiling or floor effects were observed. CONCLUSION: HASMID-10 has adequate measurement properties and may be used for Brazilians.

Deaths by COVID-19 in a hospital from a city from Legal Amazon region: what lessons could be learned? / Mortes por COVID-19 em um hospital de uma cidade da região da Amazônia Legal: que lições podem ser aprendidas?

Objective: Describe the epidemiology of COVID-19 deaths within a hospital in the Amazon region in a period of 64 days, which corresponds to the growth curve of the COVID-19 first-wave pandemic in 2020. Methods: The data were obtained from medical records of 152 deaths registered for adults and elderly hospitalized. The data were also compared with the number of deaths in previous years during the same period studied to assess the impact of the pandemic on this hospital. The study also assesses the impact of intra-hospital transfers, accounting for the number of times patients who died performed transfers between sectors of the hospital. Results: During the period analyzed, there was an increase in deaths compared to the previous years. The majority of dead patients were male, aged between 34 and 96 years. The deaths were associated comorbidities such as arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and kidney disease. The SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in 91 cases. Among them, 15 individuals were admitted without conditions related to SARS-CoV-2 infection; they had a three-fold higher number of hospital transfers than those admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection symptoms. Sixteen patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection developed respiratory symptoms just after hospitalization. The diagnostic exam for SARS-CoV-2 infection was performed on average 4 (± 6) days after the onset of symptoms and 6 (± 6) days after admission, and the average time from the onset of respiratory symptoms to death was 4 (± 6) days. Conclusions: These data suggest the high presence of hospital infection by SARS-CoV-2 in the Brazilian Amazon region, which may be related to the number of sectorial transfers, delay in confirming the diagnosis, and lack of management. We report a serious public health problem, as it demonstrates the fragility of healthcare institutions in the hospital environmen (AU).

Objetivo: Descrever a epidemiologia de mortes por COVID-19 em um hospital na região da Amazônia em um período de 64 dias, que corresponde à curva de crescimento da primeira onda da pandemia de COVID-19 em 2020. Métodos: Os dados foram obtidos de 152 óbitos registrados em prontuários de adultos e idosos hospitalizados. Os dados foram também comparados com o número de óbitos em anos anteriores, no mesmo período estudado, de forma a avaliar o impacto da pandemia neste hospital. O estudo também avalia o impacto das transferências intra-hospitalares, contabilizando o número de vezes que os pacientes que faleceram realizaram transferências entre setores do hospital. Resultados: No período analisado, houve aumento de óbitos em relação aos anos anteriores. A maioria dos pacientes mortos era do sexo masculino, com idade entre 34 e 96 anos. Os óbitos foram associados a comorbidades como hipertensão arterial, diabetes mellitus e doença renal. A infecção por SARS-CoV-2 foi confirmada em 91 casos. Entre eles, 15 indivíduos foram internados sem condições relacionadas à infecção por SARS-CoV-2; eles tiveram um número três vezes maior de transferências hospitalares do que aqueles admitidos com sintomas de infecção por SARS-CoV-2. Dezesseis pacientes com infecção por SARS-CoV-2 desenvolveram sintomas respiratórios logo após a hospitalização. O exame diagnóstico para infecção por SARS-CoV-2 foi realizado em média 4 (± 6) dias após o início dos sintomas e 6 (± 6) dias após a admissão, e o tempo médio do início dos sintomas respiratórios até o óbito foi de 4 ( ± 6) dias. Conclusões: Esses dados sugerem alta presença de infecção hospitalar por SARS-CoV-2 na região amazônica brasileira, o que pode estar relacionado ao número de transferências setoriais, demora na confirmação do diagnóstico e falta de manejo. Relatamos um grave problema de saúde pública, pois demonstra a fragilidade das instituições de saúde no ambiente hospitalar (AU).

Internação hospitalar por transtornos mentais e comportamentais em adolescentes no Brasil, 2008-2017 / Hospitalization for mental and behavioral disorders in adolescents in Brazil, 2008-2017

Resumo Introdução Internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais não são ocorrências raras em adolescentes. Estima-se que aproximadamente 30% dos adolescentes brasileiros sejam acometidos por transtornos mentais. Objetivo Analisar a evolução das internações por transtornos mentais e comportamentais em adolescentes brasileiros de 2008 a 2017. Método Estudo ecológico de séries temporais utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde e do IBGE. As variáveis utilizadas foram regiões de residência, sexo, faixa etária e grupos de diagnósticos. A tendência do coeficiente de internação foi analisada através da regressão de Prais-Winsten utilizando o Stata 14.0. Resultados Houve 152.465 internações no período; o coeficiente de internação hospitalar reduziu na região Nordeste de 27,75 a 23,16 por 100 mil habitantes (Coef = -0,0070; -1,6%), aumentou de 13,70 a 21,61 por 100 mil habitantes no Norte (Coef = 0,0192; 4,5%) e nas regiões Sul, Sudeste e Centro-oeste houve tendência estável. Verificou-se tendência crescente de internações entre as mulheres (Coef = 0,0136; 3,2%), e por transtornos do humor [afetivos] (0,0266; 6,33%) e outros transtornos mentais e comportamentais (0,0295; 7,03%). Conclusão Estudos epidemiológicos como este ajudam a fornecer informações úteis para o planejamento de serviços de prevenção e tratamento primário, secundário e terciário voltados à saúde mental, especialmente entre crianças e adolescentes.

Abstract Background Hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders are not rare occurrences in adolescents. It is estimated that approximately 30% of Brazilian adolescents are affected by mental disorders. Objective To analyze the evolution of hospitalizations for mental and behavioral disorders in Brazilian adolescents from 2008 to 2017. Method Ecological study of time series using data from the hospital information system collected of the Unified Health System (SUS) and IBGE was carried out. The variables used were regions of residence, gender, age group, and groups of diagnoses. The trend of the hospitalization coefficient was analyzed using the Prais-Winsten regression, by Stata 14.0. Results There were 152,465 hospitalizations in the period; the hospitalization coefficient decreased in the Northeast region from 27.75 to 23.16 per 100 thousand inhabitants (Coef. = -0.0070; -1.6%), increased from 13.70 to 21.61 per 100 thousand inhabitants in the North (Coef. = 0.0192; 4.5%) and in the South, Southeast and Midwest regions, had a stable trend. There was an increasing trend of hospitalizations among women (Coef. = 0.0136; 3.2%) and concerning affective mood disorders (0.0266; 6.33%), besides other mental and behavioral disorders (0.00295; 7.0 3%). Conclusion Epidemiological studies such as this service provide useful information for planning primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, and treatment services aimed at mental health, especially among children and adolescents.

Braden scale has low reliability in different patients under care in intensive care unit

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the inter-reliability of the Braden scale and its subscales for different patients assisted in the intensive care unit. We hypothesized that the Braden scale has low reliability in different populations. METHODS: This reliability study involved the Braden scale in intensive care unit of a hospital. A total of 200 patients were admitted to the intensive care unit in four different groups: neurological patients, sepsis, elderly, and adults affected by trauma. The Braden scale is a tool composed of six subscales for patient assessment: sensory perception, humidity, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction. The total score was also calculated. The Braden scale was applied by two different nurses with an interval of 20-30 min between applications. RESULTS: For all populations, kappa values considered unsuitable were observed for most categories of the Braden scale, ranging from 0.06-0.25. Only for the total Braden scale score was moderate reliability identified in all groups evaluated, with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.48-0.75. CONCLUSIONS: Braden scale is not a reliable tool to be used in the intensive care unit, and we do not recommend the use of this scale to assess the risk of developing pressure injury.

Association between the total of falls reported and the number of home ergonomic barriers / Associação entre o total de quedas relatadas e o número de barreiras ergonômicas domiciliares

Objective: To investigate the association between the total number of falls in the last year and the number of home ergonomic barriers (HEB). Method: Cross-sectional study, Volunteers aged ≥60 years were included in the study. The history of falls and the number of HEBs were evaluated via a questionnaire. vulnerability through the Vulnerable Elders Survey 13 (VES-13) and fear of falling observed by the Falls Efficacy Scale - International- Brazilian (FES-I-BR). Data normality was verified with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the correlation between total falls and the number of ergonomic barriers was verified with the Spearman test and the association between ergonomic barriers and groups with and without a history of falls, in the last year, through bivariate logistic regression and the chi-square test, the significance level of p≤ 0.05 was adopted. Results: Of the 123 individuals evaluated, 48% had a history of falls, with a mean of 3.83±1.96. The lack of support bars was considered protective [OR= 0.30; p= 0.042] and the absence of uniform floors and well-fixed mats were considered as risk factors for falls [OR= 3.71; p= 0.004]. Elderly people with a history of falls with ≥ 04 HEB, presented a greater risk of falls [OR= 5.98 p<0.0001]. Conclusion: The amount ≥ 04 HEB is associated with a history of falls, the absence of handrails is a protective factor, and uneven or slippery floors are risk factors for falls.

Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre o número total de quedas no último ano e o número de barreiras ergonômicas domiciliares (BED). Método: Estudo transversal, voluntários com idade ≥60 anos foram incluídos no estudo. A história de quedas e o número de BED foram avaliados por meio de um questionário, a vulnerabilidade através do Vulnerable Elders Survey 13 (VES-13) e o medo de cair observado pela Falls Efficacy Scale - International- Brazilian (FES-I-BR). A normalidade dos dados foi verificada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, a correlação entre total de quedas e a quantidade de barreiras ergonômicas foi verificada com teste de Spearman e associação entre as barreiras ergonômicas e os grupos com e sem histórico de quedas no último ano, através da regressão logística bivariada e pelo teste de Qui-quadrado, o nível de significância de p≤ 0,05 foi adotado. Resultados: Dos 123 indivíduos avaliados, 48% tinham histórico de quedas, com média de 3,83±1,96. A falta de barras de apoio foi considerada protetora [OR= 0,30; p= 0,042] e a ausência de pisos uniformes e tapetes bem fixados foram considerados fatores de risco para quedas [OR= 3,71; p= 0,004]. Idosos com histórico de quedas com ≥ 04 BED, apresentaram maior risco de quedas [OR= 5,98 p<0,0001]. Conclusão: A quantidade ≥ 04 BED está associada a histórico de quedas, a ausência de corrimão é fator de proteção e pisos irregulares ou escorregadios são fatores de risco para quedas.

The Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire (BHPAQ): a valid internal structure of the instrument to assess healthy Brazilian adults

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to validate the internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with individuals over 18 years old of both sexes, with Brazilian Portuguese as their native language. The structure of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire was tested by confirmatory factor analysis. The model fit was evaluated by the following indices: root mean square error of approximation, comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, standardized root mean square residual, and χ²/degrees of freedom. We used the Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion to compare different structures of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 241 individuals participated in this study. The original structure of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire with 16 items and 3 domains was compared to a structure with 14 items and 3 domains. The internal structure of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire with 14 items showed better fit indices and lower Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion values. CONCLUSION: The best internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Baecke Habitual Physical Activity Questionnaire in adults presents 3 domains and 14 items.

Relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and functional capacity in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2: an observational transversal study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify the association among obstructive sleep apnea, functional capacity, and metabolic control. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving individuals of both sexes with clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2 who were above 18 years of age. The assessment consisted of a volunteer identification form, a 2-minute step test, and the Stop-Bang questionnaire. In order to assess metabolic control, HbA1c and fasting glucose data were collected from medical records. RESULTS: A total of 100 individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2, of whom 61% were women, were included in this study. According to the Stop-Bang instrument, 26, 57, and 17% of patients had low, intermediate, and high risk of developing OSA, respectively. There was no association between the 2-minute step test and metabolic variables and diabetes mellitus type 2 chronicity with Stop-Bang. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that there is no association among obstructive sleep apnea measured by means of Stop-Bang instrument, functional capacity measured by means of 2-minute step test, and metabolic variables in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2.

Prevalence and factors associated to dysphonia and laryngeal lesions: a study among teachers in a region of the Brazilian Legal Amazon / Prevalência e fatores associados à disfonia e lesões laríngeas: um estudo entre professores de uma região da Amazônia Legal Brasileira

Objective: to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with dysphonia and laryngeal lesions at elementary public school teachers in a region of the Amazonian region. Methodology: cross-sectional study with collection of sociodemographic, occupational, environmental, and clinics variables. Dysphonia and laryngeal lesions were evaluated using three methods: self-perceptions, diagnostic criteria and video-assisted laryngoscopy. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated. Results: the prevalence of self-reported dysphonia was 68.9%, diagnosed dysphonia was 59.1% and laryngeal lesions, 53.3%. There was association between selfreported dysphonia and respiratory problems (OR=3.00; CI95%=1.25-7.22), use of drugs (OR= 2.31, CI95%= 1.19-4.49) and noise in the internal environment (OR= 2.43; CI95%=1.24-4.73). Easy access to water was a protection factor against self-reported dysphonia (OR=0.09; CI95%: 0.01-0.79). We found a significant association between dysphonia diagnosed and digestive problems (OR= 5.35; CI95%=2.39-11.96), external noise (OR=4.89, CI95%=1.87-12.78) and inadequate ventilation (OR=3.56; CI95%=1.46-8.62). The variables associated with higher chance of laryngeal lesions in dysphonic teachers were lighting (OR=3.74; CI95%=1.15-12.14%), acoustics (OR= 4.14; CI95%=1.32-12.95) and inadequate room size (OR= 3.76; CI95%=1.29-10.91). The use of drugs (OR=0.34; CI95%=0.12-0.92), respiratory problems (OR=0.21; CI95%=0.06-0.76) and easy access to water (OR= 0.12; CI95%=0.04-0.38) were protection factors for laryngeal lesions. Conclusion: occupational environmental factors aggravated the vocal health of this professional category. Access to water in the work impacted positively.

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência e fatores associados à disfonia e lesões laríngeas em professores do ensino fundamental de um município da Amazônia Legal. Metodologia: estudo transversal com coleta de variáveis sociodemográficas, ocupacionais, ambientais e clínicas. Disfonia e lesões laríngeas foram avaliadas com a utilização de três métodos: autopercepção, critérios diagnósticos e laringoscopia assistida por vídeo. Utilizou-se modelo de regressão logística para determinação dos fatores associados. Resultados: a prevalência da disfonia autorreferida foi 68,9%, da disfonia diagnosticada foi 59,1% e das lesões laríngeas, 53,3%. Houve associação entre disfonia autorreferida e problemas respiratórios (OR=3,00; IC95%=1,25-7,22), uso de medicamentos (OR=2,31; IC95%=1,19- 4,49) e ruído interno no ambiente (OR=2,43; IC95%=1,24-4,73). Teve associação protetora entre disfonia autorreferida e facilidade do acesso à água (OR=0,09; IC95%=0,01-0,79). Encontrou-se associação significativa entre disfonia diagnosticada e problemas digestivos (OR=5,35; IC95%=2,39-11,96), ruído externo (OR=4,89; IC95%=1,87-12,78) e ventilação inadequada (OR=3,56; IC95%=1,46-8,62). As variáveis associadas à maior chance de lesões laríngeas em docentes disfônicos foram iluminação (OR=3,74; IC95%=1,15-12,14), acústica (OR=4,14; IC95%=1,32-12,95) e tamanho da sala inadequados (OR=3,76; IC95%=1,29-10,91). Uso de medicação (OR=0,34; IC95%=0,12-0,92), problemas respiratórios (OR=0,21; IC95%=0,06-0,76) e facilidade de acesso à água (OR=0,12; IC95%=0,04-0,38) mostraram-se fatores de proteção para lesões laríngeas. Conclusão: fatores ambientais ocupacionais agravaram a saúde vocal desta categoria profissional. O acesso à água no ambiente de trabalho impactou positivamente.

Conservação de vacinas na Atenção Primária à Saúde: realidade em capital do nordeste brasileiro / Conservation of vaccines in Primary Health Care: conditions in a capital city in northeastern Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho éavaliar a qualidade da conservação das vacinas em Unidades da Atenção Primária à Saúde em uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e avaliativo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa. Aplicou-se parte do instrumento PAISSV 2.0 do Programa Nacional de Imunização, com profissionais da enfermagem entre agosto de 2016 e janeiro de 2017. Utilizou-se análise estatística descritiva. Avaliou-se 48 (92,3%) salas de vacinas. Na dimensão estrutura, destaca-se a ausência de câmaras refrigeradas e de instrumentos de monitoramento e controle da temperatura em 100% das salas avaliadas. Quanto ao processo de conservação, evidenciou-se que nenhuma das salas realizava a distribuição das vacinas nas prateleiras, conforme recomendações técnicas. 43 (89,6%) salas foram classificadas como não adequadas e nenhuma considerada adequada. A prática da conservação de vacinas ainda é incipiente, com inadequação da estrutura e processo de trabalho. Estas lacunas podem comprometer a erradicação e o controle das doenças imunopreveníveis.

The preservation of vaccines in Primary Health Care units in São Luís, a capital city in northeastern Brazil, is evaluated. Current descriptive, evaluative, cross-sectional quantitative approach was applied to a section of PAISSV 2.0 of the National Immunization Program with nursing professionals, between August 2016 and January 2017. Descriptive statistical analysis was employed. Forty-eight (92.3%) vaccine rooms were assessed. The complete absence of refrigerated chambers and the lack of monitoring and control instruments for temperature may be highlighted. In the case of the conservation process, not a single vaccine room distributed vaccines on shelves as recommended. Further, 43 vaccine rooms (89.6%) were classified as unsuitable and all were inappropriate. The vaccine conservation practice is still incipient, with inadequate structure and working process. These flaws may compromise the eradication and control of immunopreventive diseases.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) for use in Brazilian Portuguese: questionnaire validity study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a questionnaire that was developed by Finnish researchers to track the risk of diabetes. OBJECTIVE: To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the FINDRISC for use in Brazilian Portuguese. DESIGN AND SETTING: Questionnaire validity study conducted at a private university. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the FINDRISC was developed through the processes of translation, back-translation, committee review and pre-testing. Test-retest reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), kappa coefficient, standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC). Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. For construct validity, the total score of the FINDRISC was correlated with the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A) and Diabetes Mellitus Risk Questionnaire (QRDM). Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated in the present study. RESULTS: For construct validity and floor and ceiling effect measurements, a total sample of 107 participants was used. For reliability, a subsample of 51 participants out of the total sample was used. We identified adequate values for reliability (kappa ≥ 0.79 and ICC = 0.98) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Regarding the error inherent in the FINDRISC, we found SEM = 8.02% and MDC = 22.44%. There were significant correlations between the FINDRISC and the QRDM (r = 0.686) and DKN-A (r = -0.216). No ceiling or floor effects were found. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian version of the FINDRISC has adequate psychometric properties that are in accordance with the best international recommendations.

Brazilian version of the Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain questionnaire for musculoskeletal injuries relating to dance and sport: translation and cross-cultural adaptation

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Self-Estimated Functional Inability because of Pain (SEFIP) is a questionnaire specifically designed to measure musculoskeletal pain or discomfort. OBJECTIVE: To perform translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SEFIP for dancers (SEFIP-dance), for use in Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, as a secondary objective, we adapted the translated version of SEFIP-dance for use among athletes or exercise practitioners (SEFIP-sport). DESIGN AND SETTING: Questionnaire translation and cross-cultural adaptation study conducted at a public university. METHODS: The Brazilian version of the SEFIP-dance questionnaire was developed following the processes of translation (involving two translators with Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue and fluency in English), backtranslation (involving two translators with English as their mother tongue and fluency in Brazilian Portuguese), committee review and pre-testing. SEFIP-sport was developed following the processes of content and face validation. RESULTS: SEFIP-dance was applied to 30 dancers, of mean age 22.38 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.41), among whom 14 were men (46.66%). The participants understood 100% of the SEFIP-dance items and alternatives. SEFIP-sport was applied to 30 athletes or physical exercise practitioners, of mean age 25.09 years (SD = 8.93), among whom 25 were men (86.33%). The participants understood 100% of the ­SEFIP-sport items and alternatives. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian Portuguese versions of SEFIP-dance, translated and cross-culturally adapted for dancers, and SEFIP-sport, adapted for athletes or physical exercise practitioners, were shown to have adequate levels of understanding.

Fatores associados à insegurança alimentar e nutricional em comunidade carente / Factors associated with food and nutrition insecurity in a needy community / Factores asociados con la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional de una comunidad desfavorecida

Objetivo: Verificar os fatores associados à insegurança alimentar e nutricional (IAN) de uma comunidade carente. Métodos: Estudo transversal e analítico, desenvolvido nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2018, com 150 indivíduos, em uma comunidade carente de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa maiores de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos e residentes em domicílios na comunidade escolhida. Não foi incluído mais de um indivíduo por domicílio. Aplicou-se um questionário para obtenção de dados sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, escolaridade, renda, cor da pele, número de moradores da residência, estado civil e ocupação). A situação de insegurança alimentar e nutricional foi avaliada com auxílio da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, que mede a percepção e a experiência familiar da segurança alimentar, insegurança e fome em nível domiciliar, classificando o domicílio em segurança ou insegurança alimentar (leve, moderada ou grave). Realizou-se análise multivariada pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson. Resultados: A prevalência de IAN foi de 94% (n=141) nos avaliados. No que se refere à renda, 70,7% (n=106) tinham renda mensal menor que um salário mínimo. Quanto à escolaridade, 50,7% (n=76) relataram tempo inferior a oito anos de estudo. Observou-se associação em ter renda familiar menor que um salário mínimo (IRR=1,07; IC=1,07-1,31) com a IAN. Conclusão: A prevalência de insegurança alimentar foi elevada entre os indivíduos investigados e mostrou-se associada à menor renda.

Objective: To verify the factors associated with Food and Nutrition Insecurity (FNI) in a needy community. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted from August to September 2018 with 150 people from a needy community in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. Participants were 18 years old, of both sexes, and lived in households in the chosen community. No more than one person per household was included. A questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic data (sex, age, education, income, skin color, number of people living in the household, marital status and occupation). Food and nutrition insecurity status was assessed by the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale, which measures family's perception and experience of food security, insecurity and hunger in the household and classifies the household as either food security or food insecurity (mild, moderate or severe). Multivariate analysis was performed using the Poisson regression model. Results: The prevalence rate of FNI was 94% (n=141) in the people analyzed. Regarding income, 70.7% (n=106) of the participants had a monthly income of less than one minimum wage. As for education, 50.7% (n=76) of the participants reported having less than eight years of study. There was an association between household income of less than one minimum wage (IRR=1.07; CI=1.07-1.31) and FNI. Conclusion: The prevalence of food insecurity was high among the people analyzed and it was associated with lower income.

Objetivo: Verificar los factores asociados con la inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional (IAN) de una comunidad desfavorecida. Métodos: Estudio transversal y analítico desarrollado en los meses entre agosto y septiembre de 2018 con 150 individuos de una comunidad desfavorecida de São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil. Mayores de 18 años, de ambos los sexos y residentes de domicilios de la comunidad elegida participaron de la investigación. No se ha incluido más de uno individuo de cada domicilio. Se aplicó una encuesta para obtener los datos sociodemográficos (el sexo, la edad, la escolaridad, la renta, el color de la piel, el número de personas de la vivienda, el estado civil y la ocupación). La situación de inseguridad alimentaria y nutricional ha sido evaluada por la Escala Brasileña de Inseguridad Alimentaria que mide la percepción y la experiencia de la familia sobre la seguridad alimentaria, la inseguridad y el hambre a nivel domiciliario clasificándole de seguridad o inseguridad alimentaria (leve, moderada o grave). Se realizó un análisis multivariado por el modelo de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La prevalencia de IAN en los evaluados ha sido del 94% (n=141). Sobre la renta, el 70,7% (n=106) tenía la renta mensual de menos de un sueldo mínimo. Respecto la escolaridad, el 50,7% (n=76) ha relatado haber tenido menos de ocho años de estudio. Se observó la asociación entre tener la renta familiar de menos de un sueldo mínimo (IRR=1,07; IC=1,07-1,31) y la IAN. Conclusión: La prevalencia de inseguridad alimentaria ha sido elevada entre los individuos investigados y se ha asociado con la renta baja.

Congenital syphilis in Brazil: distribution of cases notified from 2009 to 2016

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Congenital syphilis is considered a severe public health problem because it accounts for approximately 40% of the perinatal mortality rates, 25% of stillbirths, and 14% of neonatal deaths, in addition to causing severe consequences for the fetus. This study aimed to describe the rates of congenital syphilis in children under one year of age in Brazilian capitals from 2009 to 2016. METHODS: Ecological time series study, using rates of congenital syphilis in children under one year of age and living in Brazilian capitals. The Prais-Winsten regression model was used to assess the trend. RESULTS: A total of 44,056 cases of congenital syphilis in children under one year of age were reported in Brazilian capitals between 2009 and 2016. The highest rate of congenital syphilis in children under one year of age occurred in 2016 in Porto Alegre (31.07/1,000 live births). The Northeastern capitals showed high rates, particularly the capital Recife (23.67/1,000 live births). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital syphilis represents a major challenge for public policies. The need for improvements in the quality of prenatal care is highlighted, as it is essential to reduce the alarming rates.

Evaluation of functional disability after Chikungunya infection

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chikungunya (CHIK) is caused by the Chikungunya virus, which is an Alphavirus of the Family Togaviridae transmitted to humans through female mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving the administration of a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic and health variables and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire on general pain to patients with CHIK in the City of Imperatriz, Brazil, between January and December 2017. RESULTS Data of a total of 130 patients were evaluated. The mean age was 52 years (standard deviation=13.3); majority of the patients were female (n=120) with a prevalence of 38.0% for functional disability. Statistical differences were noted for marital status (p=0.037), presence/absence of comorbidities (p=0.050), and the use of medications prior to the diagnosis of CHIK (p=0.050), use of methotrexate (p=0.030), use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (p≤0.035), and use of nonhormonal anti-inflammatory drugs (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Patients in the chronic phase of CHIK present functional disability, thus alerting healthcare professionals to the importance of implementing actions aimed at an adequate treatment in all phases of the disease, mainly related to pain treatment and motor rehabilitation.

Index of severity of musculoskeletal symptoms in keyboardists / Índice de severidade de sintomas musculoesqueléticos em teclistas / Índice de gravedad de síntomas musculoesqueléticos en tecladistas

Abstract Introduction: Musicians may present musculoskeletal pain, weakness, numbness, and tingling due to repetitive exercises. Objective: To evaluate the severity index of musculoskeletal symptoms (MS) in keyboard players. Method: A cross-sectional study including volunteers of both sexes, aged between 18 and 40 years, who performed professionally for at least 2 years, played the keyboard for at least 3 hours a week, and did not present previous history of trauma or rheumatic, neurological, and systemic diseases. The MS and its severity index were evaluated using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the intensity was assessed on a scale of 4. The difference between the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain according to the anatomical region was analyzed using Fisher's exact test. For all analyses, a significance level of 5% was adopted. This research was conducted after the ethics committee approval (No. 2,627,609). Results: Thirty-nine volunteers with discomfort were evaluated. Pain in the thoracic and lumbar spine in the last 12 months was most common (n = 27, 69.24%; p < 0.031), and in the last seven days, lumbar spine pain occurred in 12 (30.76%; p < 0.001). A severity index of 2 was the most frequent (n = 21, 54%). Conclusion: Keyboardists present with MS mainly in the vertebral column, and the severity of the symptoms is significant, suggesting the importance of prevention and treatment of MS before their onset.

Resumo Introdução: Os profissionais da música podem apresentar desconforto musculoesquelético como dor, fraqueza, dormência e formigamento devido à realização de movimentos repetitivos. Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência e o índice de severidade dos sintomas musculoesqueléticos (SM) em músicos tecladistas. Método: Trabalho do tipo transversal, com inclusão de voluntários de ambos os gêneros, com idade entre 18 a 40 anos, que exercessem a atividade profissional há pelo menos 2 anos e tocassem teclado no mínimo 3h semanais, excluídos daqueles que apresentassem história de traumas, doenças reumáticas e sistêmicas. Os SM e seu índice de severidade foram avaliados com o Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire e a intensidade avaliada em uma escala de 0 a 4. A Diferença entre as porcentagens de relato de dor musculoesquelética por região anatômica foram analisadas através do teste exato de Fisher. Para todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 5%. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo comitê de Ética parecer nº 2.627.609. Resultados: Foram avaliados n = 39 voluntários, todos relataram sentir dor ou desconforto em pelo menos um local do corpo. A região corporal apontada com mais desconforto nos últimos 12 meses foram coluna torácica e lombar, ambos n = 27(69,24%) (p < 0,031) e nos últimos sete dias coluna lombar n = 12 (30,76%) (p < 0,001) e o índice de severidade 2 foi o mais frequente n = 21 (54%). Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que os músicos tecladistas apresentam sintomas musculoesqueléticos principalmente na coluna vertebral e que a severidade dos sintomas é significativa, sugerindo a importância da prevenção e tratamento dos sintomas musculoesqueléticos antes do seu agravamento.

Resumen Introducción: Los profesionales músicos pueden presentar trastornos musculoesqueléticos, como dolor, debilidad, entumecimiento y hormigueo debido a los movimientos repetitivos. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia y el índice de gravedad de los síntomas musculoesqueléticos (SM) en tecladistas. Método: Un estudio transversal que incluyó a voluntarios de ambos sexos, con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 40 años, que se desempeñaron profesionalmente durante al menos 2 años, tocaron el teclado como mínimo 3 horas a la semana y no presentaran antecedentes de trauma previo o enfermedades reumáticas y sistémicas. Los SM y su índice de gravedad se evaluaron mediante el Cuestionario musculoesquelético nórdico y la intensidad se evaluó en una escala de 0 a 4. La diferencia entre los porcentajes de prevalencia del dolor musculoesquelético según la región anatómica se analizó mediante la prueba exacta de Fisher. Para todos los análisis, se adoptó un nivel de significancia del 5%. Esta investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética no. 2.627.609. Resultados: Se evaluaron treinta y nueve voluntarios que declararon sentir dolor o incomodidad en al menos una región del cuerpo. El dolor en la columna torácica y lumbar en los últimos 12 meses fue lo más común (n = 27 en ambos, 69,24%; p < 0,031), y en los últimos siete días, el dolor en la columna lumbar ocurrió en 12 (30,76%; p < 0,001). El índice de severidad 2 fue el más frecuente (n = 21, 54%). Conclusión: Los tecladistas presentaron SM principalmente en la columna vertebral, y la gravedad de los síntomas es significativa, lo que sugiere la importancia de la prevención y el tratamiento de los SM antes de su instalación.

O uso da modelagem com equações estruturais na análise da influência da cor/raça e status socioeconômico na saúde de idosos Brasileiros / The use of structural equations modeling in the analysis of the influence of skinColor/race and socioeconomic status on the health of Brazilian elderlies

Introdução: O uso da variável cor/raça em estudos quantitativos tem sido cada vez maior. Contudo, esses estudos são alvo de críticas devido à difícil separação dos reais efeitos da cor/raça daqueles induzidos por outras variáveis. O emprego de Modelagem com Equações Estruturais (MEE) na saúde pode ser útil na análise de corretas estimativas do impacto dessa variável e melhorar a qualidade do ajuste pelas covariáveis confundidoras. Objetivo: Apresentar um exemplo da MEE na análise dos efeitos diretos e indiretos da cor/raça e Status Socioeconômico (SES) sobre a Saúde de idosos brasileiros.Material e Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal que incluiu 28.769idosos com e”60 anos de idade da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2008. A variável Saúde é um constructo, que foi medida pelas variáveis autoavaliação do estado de saúde,incapacidade funcional e o número de condições crônicas. As variáveis exploratórias foram: cor/raça autorreferida e o SES. Este constructo mediu-se pelas variáveis escolaridade, renda domiciliar per capita e número de moradores no domicilio. Resultados: O efeito direto da cor/raça sobre a Saúde foi pequeno e negativo. O efeito total (direto e indireto) foi positivo e significante, porém menor que o indireto mediado pela SES, sendo esse o maior efeito da cor/raça sobre a Saúde. O maior efeito observado sobre a Saúde foi da SES. Este efeito é negativo e moderado. Conclusões: Verificou-se que a cor/raça explica parcialmente a Saúde dos idosos, mas esse efeito é menor do que o gerado pela SES. A MEE permitiu contornar alguns problemas metodológicos relacionados ao uso da variável cor/raça em saúde.

Introduction: The use of the variable skin color/race in quantitativestudies has been increasing. However, these studies are subject tocriticism due to the difficulty in distinguishing the actual effectson color/race induced by other variables. The application of StructuralEquations Modeling (SEM) in the health field can be useful for theanalysis of correct estimates of the impact of this variable, as wellas to improve the quality of the adjustment for confoundingcovariates. Objective: To report an example of SEM in the analysisof direct and indirect effects of color/race and SocioeconomicStatus (SS) on the Health of Brazilian elderlies. Material andMethods: This was a cross-sectional study including 28,769 elderliesaged e”60 years surveyed in the PNAD (National Survey byHousehold Sampling), 2008. The variable health is a constructwhich was measured by the variables self-assessment of healthcondition, functional disability and the number of chronic conditions.The exploratory variables were: self-reported color/race and theSS. This construct was measured by the variables: educationallevel, household income per capita, and number of people perhousehold. Results: The direct effect of color/race on health wasfound to be small and negative. The total (direct and indirect)effect was positive and significant, but smaller than the indirectone mediated by SS, which was the greater effect of color/race onhealth. The largest effect observed on health was the SS. Thiseffect was found to be negative and moderate. Conclusion: Theskin color/race partly explains the health of older people, but thiseffect is lower than that caused by the SS. The SEM allowed tobypass some methodological problems related to the use of thevariable color/race in health.

Physical activity in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes / Atividade física em gestantes e desfechos perinatais adversos ao nascimento / Actividad física en gestantes y resultados perinatales adversos al nacimiento

This study focused on the association between physical activity in the second trimester of pregnancy and adverse perinatal outcomes: low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The study used a sample from the BRISA cohort, São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil, which included women with singleton pregnancy, gestational age from 22 to 25 weeks confirmed by obstetric ultrasound performed at < 20 weeks, and re-interviewed in the first 24 hours postpartum (n = 1,380). Level of physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), short version, categorized as high, moderate, and low. A directed acyclic graph (DAG) was used to identify minimum adjustment to control confounding. High physical activity was not associated with LBW (RR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.54-1.63), PTB (RR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.48-1.54), or IUGR (RR = 0.80; 95%CI: 0.55-1.15). The results support the hypothesis that physical activity during pregnancy does not result in adverse perinatal outcomes.

Investigou-se a associação entre atividade física durante o segundo trimestre gestacional e os desfechos perinatais adversos: baixo peso ao nascer (BPN), nascimento pré-termo (NPT) e restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU). Foi utilizada amostra da coorte BRISA, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, que incluiu mulheres com gravidez única, idade gestacional de 22 a 25 semanas confirmada por ultrassonografia obstétrica realizada com < 20 semanas, reentrevistadas nas primeiras 24 horas após o parto (n = 1.380). O nível de atividade física foi medido pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), versão curta, e categorizado em alto, moderado e baixo. Gráfico acíclico direcionado (DAG) foi utilizado para identificar ajuste mínimo para o controle de confundimento. Nível alto de atividade física não foi associado ao BPN (RR = 0.94; IC95%: 0,54-1,63), NPT (RR = 0,86; IC95%: 0,48-1,54) ou RCIU (RR = 0,80; IC95%: 0,55-1,15). Os resultados fortalecem a hipótese de que a prática de atividade física na gestação não parece resultar em desfechos adversos ao nascimento.

Se investigó la asociación entre actividad física durante el segundo trimestre gestacional y los desenlaces perinatales adversos: bajo peso al nacer (BPN), nacimiento pretérmino (NPT) y restricción de crecimiento intrauterino (RCIU). Se utilizó una muestra de la cohorte BRISA, São Luís, Maranhão, Brasil, que incluyó mujeres con un embarazo único, edad gestacional de 22 a 25 semanas, confirmada por ultrasonografía obstétrica realizada con < 20 semanas, reentrevistadas en las primeras 24 horas tras el parto (n = 1.380). El nivel de actividad física fue medido por el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física (IPAQ), versión corta, y categorizado en alto, moderado y bajo. El gráfo acíclico dirigido (DAG) se utilizó para identificar un ajuste mínimo para el control de confusores. Un nivel alto de actividad física no se asoció al BPN (RR = 0,94; IC95%: 0,54-1,63), NPT (RR = 0,86; IC95%: 0,48-1,54) o RCIU (RR = 0,80; IC95%: 0,55-1,15). Los resultados fortalecen la hipótesis de que la práctica de actividad física en la gestación no parece resultar en desenlaces adversos al nacimiento.